ADVANCED TOPICS IN UNIX: FILES, PROCESSES, SYSTEMS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1  INTRODUCTION TO UNIX	1
1.1  Overview OF UNIX	1
1.2  The File System	9
1.3  Hierarchy of Processes	11
1.4  The Kernel, User and Kernel Mode	16
1.5  UNIX as a Real-time Operating System	18
1.6  History of UNIX	20
1.7  Different versions of UNIX	21
Summary	23
References for Chapter 1	23
Exercises	24
CHAPTER 2  THE USER INTERFACE	27
2.2  Shell Commands	28
2.2.1  environment commands	29
2.2.2  file system commands	32
2.2.3  process control commands	36
2.2.4  administrative commands	39
2.2.5  utility commands	40
2.2.6  programming commands	41
2.3  The Bourne and C Shells	46
2.4  Shell Programming	49
2.5  Additional Programming Examples	52
2.6  The User Interface	55
Summary	57
Exercises	58
CHAPTER 3  INPUT AND OUTPUT	61
3.1  File Pointers	61
3.2  File Descriptors	70
3.3  Asynchronous I/O	80
3.4  Terminal I/O	81
3.5  Devices and Device Drivers	84
3.6  Use of File Pointers for Random Acess	90
3.7  Simulation of Disk Operations	92
Summary	98
References	99
Exercises	99
CHAPTER 4  THE FILE SYSTEM	103
4.1  Disk Organization	103
4.2  File Creation	106
4.3  File Access - i-nodes and i-numbers	107
4.4  Links	111
4.5  Disk Scheduling	113
4.6  Alternate Views of File System Organization	114
4.7  File Systems in SVR4	124
Summary	126
References	126
CHAPTER 5  INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSES	129
5.1  Process Creation and fork()	129
5.2  Processes	133
5.3  The Segments Associated With a Process	135
5.4  Initializing new Processes with exec()	137
5.5  The Structure of an Executable File and Sharable Text Segments	143
5.6  The Process Table	147
5.7  The Kernel Process	149
5.8  Lightweight processes	150
Summary	156
References	157
Exercises	158
CHAPTER 6 MEMORY AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT	161
6.1  Virtual Memory	161
6.2  Memory Allocation	166
6.3  Processes and the UNIX System Call Interface	171
6.4  Concurrency	173
6.5  Scheduling of Processes	175
6.6  Real-time scheduling in UNIX	180
6.7  The Reader-Writer Problem	181
6.8  The Critical Section Problem and Mutual Exclusion	184
Summary	191
References	192
Exercises	193
CHAPTER 7  INTRODUCTION TO INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION	197
7.1  Introduction	197
7.2  Files	200
7.3  Shared FIle Pointers	206
7.4  Pipes	212
7.5  FIFOs/Named Pipes	216
7.6  Streams	219
Summary	222
References	223
CHAPTER 8  THE SYSTEM V IPC PACKAGE	225
8.1  Introduction	225
8.2  Messages	226
8.3  Semaphores	236
8.4  Shared Memory	251
Summary	270
References	271
CHAPTER 9  SIGNALS, SOCKETS, AND RPC	275
9.1  Signals	275
9.2  Sockets	284
9.3  Remote Procedure Call	298
9.4  RPC Language and the rpcgen Utility	309
9.5  Process Tracing	317
Summary	318
References	319
Exercises	320
CHAPTER 10  IPC COMPARISON	325
10.1  Comparison of ipc Methods	325
Summary	334
References	334
Exercises	335
CHAPTER 11 FAULT-TOLERANT UNIX SOFTWARE	337
11.1  Some Methods Used for Software Fault-tolerance	338
11. 2  A Method for Fault-Tolerance of General C programs	340
11.3  The Recovery Block Method in UNIX	343
11.4  N-Version Programming in UNIX	350
Summary	356
References	357
Exercises	357
CHAPTER 12  STANDARDIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF UNIX	361
12.1  Issues in Standardization	361
12.2  Issues in Real-time Performance	363
12.3  POSIX	365
12.4  Security	368
12.5 The Role of ANSI C and C++ in Future Versions of UNIX	370
References	372